The Rosetta Stone

The Rosetta Stone is considered by many to be the key to the Ancient Egyptian Language. It was originally created in 196 BC and then discovered by French Army engineer Captain Pierre-Francois Bouchard in July of 1799. Comparative translation of the stone greatly assisted in understanding many previously unreadable examples of hieroglyphic writing. The text of the Rosetta Stone is a decree from Ptolemy V describing the repealing taxes and instructions to erect statues in temples.

The stone is roughly 114 centimeters high, 72 centimeters wide and 27 centimeters thick (45"X26"X11") and weighs roughly 1,676 pounds.

Soon after it's discovery Napolean returned to France and 167 scholars remained with the French troops. In 1801 the British Army landed on Aboukir Bay and the scholars carried the stone from Cairo to Alexandria with the Troops of de Menou. However, a short short time the French army surrendered. This caused a large dispute over the fate of the French archaeological and scientific discoveries of Egypt. De Menou claimed that the discoveries belonged to the institute and refused to hand them over. British General John Hely-Hutchinson claimed all archaeological materials as a property of the British Crown, but de Menou regarded the stone as his private property and hid it.

It is unknown exactly how the stone came into possession of the British. But on March 11, 1802 Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner brought the stone onto a captured French vessel and brought it back to England.

The text on the Rosetta Stone is written with the same text in two Egyptian languages: hieroglyphics/demotic and in classic Greek. It was fully translated in 1824 by Jean-Francois Champollion. Champollion was fluent in both Greek and Coptic and figured out what the seven Domotic signs in Coptic were. By looking at the signs in Coptic he was able to work out what they meant in the hieroglyphic signs. Finally, in 1858 the Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania published the first complete English translation. The translation reads as follows:

In the reign of the new king who was Lord of the diadems, great in glory, the stabilizer of Egypt, and also pious in matters relating to the gods, superior to his adversaries, rectifier of the life of men, Lord of the thirty-year periods like Hephaestus the Great, King like the Sun, the Great King of the Upper and Lower Lands, offspring of the Parent-loving Gods, whom Hephaestus has approved, to whom the Sun has given victory, living image of Zeus, Son of the Sun, Ptolemy the ever-living, beloved by Ptah;
In the ninth year, when Aëtus, son of Aëtus, was priest of Alexander and of the Savior Gods and the Brother Gods and the Benefactor Gods and the Parent-loving Gods and the God Manifest and Gracious; Pyrrha, the daughter of Philinius, being athlophorus for Bernice Euergetis; Areia, the daughter of Diogenes, being canephorus for Arsinoë Philadelphus; Irene, the daughter of Ptolemy, being priestess of Arsinoë Philopator: on the fourth of the month Xanicus, or according to the Egyptians the eighteenth of Mecheir.

THE DECREE: The high priests and prophets, and those who enter the inner shrine in order to robe the gods, and those who wear the hawk's wing, and the sacred scribes, and all the other priests who have assembled at Memphis before the king, from the various temples throughout the country, for the feast of his receiving the kingdom, even that of Ptolemy the ever-living, beloved by Ptah, the God Manifest and Gracious, which he received from his Father, being assembled in the temple in Memphis this day, declared:

Since King Ptolemy, the ever-living, beloved by Ptah, the God Manifest and Gracious, the son of King Ptolemy and Queen Arsinoë, the Parent-loving Gods, has done many benefactions to the temples and to those who dwell in them, and also to all those subject to his rule, being from the beginning a god born of a god and a goddess—like Horus, the son of Isis and Osirus, who came to the help of his Father Osirus; being benevolently disposed toward the gods, has concentrated to the temples revenues both of silver and of grain, and has generously undergone many expenses in order to lead Egypt to prosperity and to establish the temples... the gods have rewarded him with health, victory, power, and all other good things, his sovereignty to continue to him and his children forever.

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